Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

B7 Physiotherapist - Medical Rehabilitation Team

The closing date is 28 May 2025

Job summary

Job summary

Job title

Physiotherapist (Medical Rehabilitation)

Band

Band 7

Division

Clinical Support Division

Responsible to

Clinical Lead Therapist - Medical Rehabilitation

Accountable to

Head of Therapies

Type of contract

Permanent

Hours per week

37.5

Location

Chelsea & Westminster Hospital

We are looking for an enthusiastic Physiotherapist to provide specialist skills and knowledge to support with the management of the medical rehabilitation, care of the elderly and frailty patient cohort. This role would run alongside the Team Lead Physiotherapist, to support with ensuring the department is providing an efficient and effective service as well as some day to day operational management. The post carries a clinical caseload.

The post holder will have good acute and community experience in a variety of acute medical presentations and pathologies, and patients present with frailty syndrome. They will work as part of the multidisciplinary team to assess and discharge patients in a timely and appropriate manner with involvement and referrals to our community services.

Please note: Some roles may require weekend shifts at multiple sites.

Main duties of the job

Key responsibilities

To work between the clinical areas of the medical rehabilitation, care of the elderly and frailty wards

To work as an autonomous practitioner within the standards of professional practice laid down by the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy and Health Professionals Council

To undertake a specialised therapy assessment of own caseload of patients, working in conjunction with occupational therapy, social services, medical and nursing colleagues

From assessment, to formulate a treatment plan and carry out this treatment as an autonomous practitioner to triage, assess, and discharge patients in a timely and appropriate manner

To have extensive knowledge and working relationships with community partners and make appropriate and timely referrals

Working closely with other members of the MDT, taking an active role in identifying, coordinating and organising appropriate patient support needed at home to prevent Hospital admission and ensure timely discharge

To be responsible for performance management and development of the junior staff within the department

To support the team lead physiotherapist to lead a team of physiotherapists, physiotherapy technicians and students to deliver evidence based, best practice assessments and treatments

Participate in the emergency duty on call service

Participates in regular weekend working as part of the 5 and 7 weekend rota

About us

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust is one of England's top-performing and safest trusts. We operate two main acute hospital sites--Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and West Middlesex University Hospital--along with award-winning clinics across North West London.

Our nearly 7,500 staff care for a diverse population of 1.5 million, providing full clinical services, including maternity, A&E, and children's services, plus specialist HIV and sexual health clinics. The Care Quality Commission rates us 'Good' in safety, effectiveness, care, and responsiveness, and 'Outstanding' in leadership and resource use.

We continually invest in our facilities, including a £30m expansion of critical care at Chelsea and Westminster and an £80m Ambulatory Diagnostic Centre at West Middlesex.

We are committed to equal opportunities and believe that diversity drives innovation and excellence. As part of our dedication to equity, we actively welcome applications from individuals from the global majority, veterans and underrepresented communities. We value the unique perspectives and experiences that diverse teams bring and are committed to creating an environment where all voices are heard, respected, and empowered to succeed."

If you haven't heard from us within three weeks of the closing date, your application was likely unsuccessful. Employment is subject to a six-month probationary period.

Some roles may require weekend shifts at multiple sites.

Details

Date posted

14 May 2025

Pay scheme

Agenda for change

Band

Band 7

Salary

£54,320 to £60,981 a year per annum incl. HCAS

Contract

Permanent

Working pattern

Full-time

Reference number

289-CS-40

Job locations

Chelsea & Westminster Hospital

369 Fulham Road

London

SW10 9NH


Job description

Job responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities Clinical

Be professionally and legally responsible and accountable for all aspects of professional practice.

Undertake the specialist assessment of patients as an autonomous practitioner, including those with highly complex presentations, and using advanced clinical reasoning skills, knowledge of evidence based practice and advanced investigative and analytical skills to determine appropriate care plan utilising specialist treatment skills and options.

Be highly competent in the use of Intensive Care treatment modalities including Ventilators and other assisted breathing modalities.

Be highly competent in assessing a wide range of conditions especially frailty syndromes; requiring an advanced theoretical knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology.

Interpret and analyse clinical and non-clinical facts to form accurate diagnoses in a wide range of highly complex conditions and recommend the best course of intervention to other physiotherapists and members of the multidisciplinary team.

Demonstrate highly developed dexterity, co-ordination and palpatory sensory skills for assessment and manual treatment of patients.

Be responsible for discharge plans giving guidance for the junior team members as required.

Work with patients to identify and agree treatment goals based on assessment outcomes, which demonstrate an appreciation of the complex interaction of risk, safety, patient choice, independence, areas of conflict and eligibility for services.

Provide spontaneous and planned advice, teaching and instruction to relatives, carers and other professionals, promoting understanding of the aims of physiotherapy treatment plans ensuring a consistent approach to patient care.

Carry out appropriate treatment, re-evaluating throughout the treatment period changing treatment plan as required.

Develop comprehensive discharge plans in collaboration with the other members of the multidisciplinary team.

Co-ordinate intervention which may include other disciplines; advice and educate patient/carer/relatives/other health professionals as required.

Within remit of specialist expertise ensure timely referral to other health professionals/services as appropriate.

Ensure as physiotherapy team leader that designated staff implement policy and service developmental changes in a timely manner.

Contribute to policy changes concerning the physiotherapy management of patients within the boundaries of critical care and assist in the guidance of the critical care physiotherapy team to provide and efficient an effective service in this clinical area.

Work with the Head of Therapies and the Clinical Lead therapist in developing the operational management of the physiotherapy service and influencing strategic planning.

Ensure that all documentation around patient care is recorded to Trust and CSP Standards of Practice and Health Care Professionals Code of Conduct.

To assist in the co-ordination and ensure effective delivery of the evening and weekend services, ensuring all rotas are covered. To assist in co-ordinating and delivering training to on-call physiotherapy staff, to ensure competence in carrying out evening and weekend duties and provide specialist advice to the on-call physiotherapy staff.

Participate in the On-call Emergency Respiratory Service as required by clinical need and in relation to the appropriate Standard Operating Procedure.

Be responsible for ensuring that quality standards and effectiveness of patient care are continually improved.

Provide specialised advice to other healthcare professionals and physiotherapists

Organisational

To have an active role in the planning, development, coordination, delivery and evaluation of the critical care and respiratory medicine physiotherapy service.

To provide support to the clinical team leader in the daily operational management for the physiotherapy team.

To act as a mentor for physiotherapy colleagues, providing clinical and professional support on a regular basis.

To delegate to, supervise and monitor senior and staff grade physiotherapists, students and support workers.

To manage priorities for the Medical Rehabiliation physiotherapy team, balancing patient-related and professional/managerial demands within available resources; ensuring that these remain service led.

To deputise for senior staff /Clinical Lead as required.

To ensure that physiotherapy equipment is suitable for the needs of the patient and facilities/environment are maintained in safe order.

To collect data and statistics for reporting purposes.

To carry out designated departmental/service responsibilities.

To be aware of Health and Safety legislation and to comply with policies relating to the work area, including risk assessment and the prompt recording and reporting of incidents and near misses. To take necessary precautions to safeguard the welfare and safety of yourself and others.

To have an active role in developing, reviewing and updating departmental policies, procedures and guidelines relating to physiotherapy management of critical care patients.

To have an active role in the recruitment of new staff.

To comply with Trust and departmental policies, procedures and standards. To be involved in reviewing and updating departmental policies and procedures as required

Professional

To abide by the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Professional Code of Conduct and Standards of Practice and the Health Profession Council requirements for physiotherapy registration.

To maintain own continuous professional development (CPD) and incorporate new trends and developments into practice. To be an active member of in-service training programmes. To attend and contribute as appropriate at staff meetings, tutorials, training sessions, courses, other CPD activities and to undertake reflective practice. To maintain a dynamic personal development plan and portfolio, with evidence of ongoing commitment to CPD and self-directed learning.

To maintain comprehensive and accurate assessment and treatment records in line with legal, professional, Trust and departmental policies and guidelines.

To train, supervise and performance manage other physiotherapists, technical instructors, assistants and students (this will include the use of formal appraisal documentation).

To provide leadership and peer support to physiotherapists and support workers within the paediatric physiotherapy team.

To demonstrate and apply a sound understanding of Clinical Governance and Risk Management, and encourage others to do likewise.

To act as an ambassador for the Physiotherapy service.

Communication

To use a range of verbal and non-verbal communication tools to communicate effectively with patients and carers.

To use skills of persuasion, motivation, explanation, and empathy to encourage patients to undertake their treatment programme and optimise rehabilitation potential and/or quality of life. Barriers to effective communication may regularly be evident, e.g.: altered perception, age, dysphasia, pain, psychological/emotional status.

To use specific skills to communicate with patients who, for example, depend on sign languages, communication boards etc.

To communicate patient related information effectively, to facilitate co-ordinated services and ensure seamless collaborative working with the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and multi-agencies. This may include case conferences, handovers, ward rounds, discharge planning, documentation in health records and medical reports. Patient related information might be complex, highly sensitive and contentious.

To contribute to and compile additional written reports which form the basis of legal documents for other agencies

To provide spontaneous and planned advice, teaching and instruction to relatives, carers and other professionals to promote understanding of the aims of physiotherapy and to ensure a consistent approach to patient care.

To use Information Technology for the purposes of: Communication within and outside the Trust Accessing clinical and professional information

To communicate effectively with colleagues at national centres of excellence to ensure continuity of shared care.

Ensure all communication, which may be complex, contentious or sensitive, is undertaken in a responsive and inclusive manner, focusing on improvement and ways to move forward.

Ensure all communication is presented appropriately to the different recipients, according to levels of understanding, type of communication being imparted and possible barriers such as language, culture, understanding or physical or mental health conditions

This job description may be subject to change according to the varying needs of the service. Such changes will be made after discussion between the post holder and his/her manager.

All duties must be carried out under supervision or within Trust policy and procedure. You must never undertake any duties that are outside your area of skill or knowledge level. If you are unsure you must seek clarification from a more senior member of staff.

Job description

Job responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities Clinical

Be professionally and legally responsible and accountable for all aspects of professional practice.

Undertake the specialist assessment of patients as an autonomous practitioner, including those with highly complex presentations, and using advanced clinical reasoning skills, knowledge of evidence based practice and advanced investigative and analytical skills to determine appropriate care plan utilising specialist treatment skills and options.

Be highly competent in the use of Intensive Care treatment modalities including Ventilators and other assisted breathing modalities.

Be highly competent in assessing a wide range of conditions especially frailty syndromes; requiring an advanced theoretical knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology.

Interpret and analyse clinical and non-clinical facts to form accurate diagnoses in a wide range of highly complex conditions and recommend the best course of intervention to other physiotherapists and members of the multidisciplinary team.

Demonstrate highly developed dexterity, co-ordination and palpatory sensory skills for assessment and manual treatment of patients.

Be responsible for discharge plans giving guidance for the junior team members as required.

Work with patients to identify and agree treatment goals based on assessment outcomes, which demonstrate an appreciation of the complex interaction of risk, safety, patient choice, independence, areas of conflict and eligibility for services.

Provide spontaneous and planned advice, teaching and instruction to relatives, carers and other professionals, promoting understanding of the aims of physiotherapy treatment plans ensuring a consistent approach to patient care.

Carry out appropriate treatment, re-evaluating throughout the treatment period changing treatment plan as required.

Develop comprehensive discharge plans in collaboration with the other members of the multidisciplinary team.

Co-ordinate intervention which may include other disciplines; advice and educate patient/carer/relatives/other health professionals as required.

Within remit of specialist expertise ensure timely referral to other health professionals/services as appropriate.

Ensure as physiotherapy team leader that designated staff implement policy and service developmental changes in a timely manner.

Contribute to policy changes concerning the physiotherapy management of patients within the boundaries of critical care and assist in the guidance of the critical care physiotherapy team to provide and efficient an effective service in this clinical area.

Work with the Head of Therapies and the Clinical Lead therapist in developing the operational management of the physiotherapy service and influencing strategic planning.

Ensure that all documentation around patient care is recorded to Trust and CSP Standards of Practice and Health Care Professionals Code of Conduct.

To assist in the co-ordination and ensure effective delivery of the evening and weekend services, ensuring all rotas are covered. To assist in co-ordinating and delivering training to on-call physiotherapy staff, to ensure competence in carrying out evening and weekend duties and provide specialist advice to the on-call physiotherapy staff.

Participate in the On-call Emergency Respiratory Service as required by clinical need and in relation to the appropriate Standard Operating Procedure.

Be responsible for ensuring that quality standards and effectiveness of patient care are continually improved.

Provide specialised advice to other healthcare professionals and physiotherapists

Organisational

To have an active role in the planning, development, coordination, delivery and evaluation of the critical care and respiratory medicine physiotherapy service.

To provide support to the clinical team leader in the daily operational management for the physiotherapy team.

To act as a mentor for physiotherapy colleagues, providing clinical and professional support on a regular basis.

To delegate to, supervise and monitor senior and staff grade physiotherapists, students and support workers.

To manage priorities for the Medical Rehabiliation physiotherapy team, balancing patient-related and professional/managerial demands within available resources; ensuring that these remain service led.

To deputise for senior staff /Clinical Lead as required.

To ensure that physiotherapy equipment is suitable for the needs of the patient and facilities/environment are maintained in safe order.

To collect data and statistics for reporting purposes.

To carry out designated departmental/service responsibilities.

To be aware of Health and Safety legislation and to comply with policies relating to the work area, including risk assessment and the prompt recording and reporting of incidents and near misses. To take necessary precautions to safeguard the welfare and safety of yourself and others.

To have an active role in developing, reviewing and updating departmental policies, procedures and guidelines relating to physiotherapy management of critical care patients.

To have an active role in the recruitment of new staff.

To comply with Trust and departmental policies, procedures and standards. To be involved in reviewing and updating departmental policies and procedures as required

Professional

To abide by the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Professional Code of Conduct and Standards of Practice and the Health Profession Council requirements for physiotherapy registration.

To maintain own continuous professional development (CPD) and incorporate new trends and developments into practice. To be an active member of in-service training programmes. To attend and contribute as appropriate at staff meetings, tutorials, training sessions, courses, other CPD activities and to undertake reflective practice. To maintain a dynamic personal development plan and portfolio, with evidence of ongoing commitment to CPD and self-directed learning.

To maintain comprehensive and accurate assessment and treatment records in line with legal, professional, Trust and departmental policies and guidelines.

To train, supervise and performance manage other physiotherapists, technical instructors, assistants and students (this will include the use of formal appraisal documentation).

To provide leadership and peer support to physiotherapists and support workers within the paediatric physiotherapy team.

To demonstrate and apply a sound understanding of Clinical Governance and Risk Management, and encourage others to do likewise.

To act as an ambassador for the Physiotherapy service.

Communication

To use a range of verbal and non-verbal communication tools to communicate effectively with patients and carers.

To use skills of persuasion, motivation, explanation, and empathy to encourage patients to undertake their treatment programme and optimise rehabilitation potential and/or quality of life. Barriers to effective communication may regularly be evident, e.g.: altered perception, age, dysphasia, pain, psychological/emotional status.

To use specific skills to communicate with patients who, for example, depend on sign languages, communication boards etc.

To communicate patient related information effectively, to facilitate co-ordinated services and ensure seamless collaborative working with the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and multi-agencies. This may include case conferences, handovers, ward rounds, discharge planning, documentation in health records and medical reports. Patient related information might be complex, highly sensitive and contentious.

To contribute to and compile additional written reports which form the basis of legal documents for other agencies

To provide spontaneous and planned advice, teaching and instruction to relatives, carers and other professionals to promote understanding of the aims of physiotherapy and to ensure a consistent approach to patient care.

To use Information Technology for the purposes of: Communication within and outside the Trust Accessing clinical and professional information

To communicate effectively with colleagues at national centres of excellence to ensure continuity of shared care.

Ensure all communication, which may be complex, contentious or sensitive, is undertaken in a responsive and inclusive manner, focusing on improvement and ways to move forward.

Ensure all communication is presented appropriately to the different recipients, according to levels of understanding, type of communication being imparted and possible barriers such as language, culture, understanding or physical or mental health conditions

This job description may be subject to change according to the varying needs of the service. Such changes will be made after discussion between the post holder and his/her manager.

All duties must be carried out under supervision or within Trust policy and procedure. You must never undertake any duties that are outside your area of skill or knowledge level. If you are unsure you must seek clarification from a more senior member of staff.

Person Specification

Trust Values

Essential

  • Putting Patients First, Responsive to Patients and Staff, Open and Honest, Unfailingly Kind, Determined to Develop

Education and Qualifications

Essential

  • Bachelor or Masters Degree in Physiotherapy
  • Current HCPC Registration
  • Evidence of on-going CPD Registration
  • Evidence of relevant post graduate courses

Desirable

  • Member of special interest group
  • Relevant post graduate qualification

Experience

Essential

  • Experience working as an autonomous practitioner in the NHS or equivalent healthcare system
  • Evidence of postgraduate experience across core specialities in an acute hospital setting including rotations working in Medical, ITU/surgery, Neurology and Orthopaedics
  • Evidence of experience at band 6 or equivalent in frailty, care of the elderly and medical settings
  • Evidence of post graduate experience in rehabilitation
  • On-going participation in respiratory on-call duties
  • Experience working as part of MDT
  • Participation in in-service training programmes
  • Evidence of appraisal, supervision and teaching of band 6 staff, band 5 staff, assistants and students

Desirable

  • Evidence of teaching physiotherapists, occupational therapists and other professionals within an MDT work environment
  • Co-ordination of in-service training and development of teaching programmes
  • Involvement and experience in audit and service development
  • Demonstration of experiences as a team leader
  • Demonstration of ability to identify service improvements

Skills and Knowledge

Essential

  • Demonstrates understanding of delivering joint assessment and treatment sessions with other therapists from the same profession and from differing professions
  • Identifies challenges of working in varying hospital settings and demonstrates the ability to adapt own practice accordingly
  • Demonstrates evidence of clinical reasoning in the assessment, and treatment of complex medical and frail patients, and in a broad range of conditions
  • Ability to work independently and monitor workload of team
  • Able to impart skills and knowledge to others both formally and informally
  • Demonstrates evidence of the ability to use reflective practice as a tool for growth and development
  • Understands the professional and legal responsibilities of clinical practice
  • Demonstrates awareness and sensitivity to cultural differences and beliefs
  • Demonstrates evidence of effective self-management including time, prioritisation, clinical caseload and stress
  • Demonstrates the ability to guide and direct less experienced staff- including therapy assistants and students in clinical practice

Desirable

  • Evidence of specific responsibilities e.g. committee membership
  • Evidence of participation in research or audit

Personal Qualities

Essential

  • Demonstrates the ability to effectively communicate, both written and orally, in a clear and logical manner
  • Identifies own personal characteristics that contribute to effective team working
  • Basic computer skills including knowledge of word processing and presentation packages and the internet

Desirable

  • Use of electronic patient records
  • Evidence of using a variety of presentation skills
  • Evidence of outside interests and responsibilities
Person Specification

Trust Values

Essential

  • Putting Patients First, Responsive to Patients and Staff, Open and Honest, Unfailingly Kind, Determined to Develop

Education and Qualifications

Essential

  • Bachelor or Masters Degree in Physiotherapy
  • Current HCPC Registration
  • Evidence of on-going CPD Registration
  • Evidence of relevant post graduate courses

Desirable

  • Member of special interest group
  • Relevant post graduate qualification

Experience

Essential

  • Experience working as an autonomous practitioner in the NHS or equivalent healthcare system
  • Evidence of postgraduate experience across core specialities in an acute hospital setting including rotations working in Medical, ITU/surgery, Neurology and Orthopaedics
  • Evidence of experience at band 6 or equivalent in frailty, care of the elderly and medical settings
  • Evidence of post graduate experience in rehabilitation
  • On-going participation in respiratory on-call duties
  • Experience working as part of MDT
  • Participation in in-service training programmes
  • Evidence of appraisal, supervision and teaching of band 6 staff, band 5 staff, assistants and students

Desirable

  • Evidence of teaching physiotherapists, occupational therapists and other professionals within an MDT work environment
  • Co-ordination of in-service training and development of teaching programmes
  • Involvement and experience in audit and service development
  • Demonstration of experiences as a team leader
  • Demonstration of ability to identify service improvements

Skills and Knowledge

Essential

  • Demonstrates understanding of delivering joint assessment and treatment sessions with other therapists from the same profession and from differing professions
  • Identifies challenges of working in varying hospital settings and demonstrates the ability to adapt own practice accordingly
  • Demonstrates evidence of clinical reasoning in the assessment, and treatment of complex medical and frail patients, and in a broad range of conditions
  • Ability to work independently and monitor workload of team
  • Able to impart skills and knowledge to others both formally and informally
  • Demonstrates evidence of the ability to use reflective practice as a tool for growth and development
  • Understands the professional and legal responsibilities of clinical practice
  • Demonstrates awareness and sensitivity to cultural differences and beliefs
  • Demonstrates evidence of effective self-management including time, prioritisation, clinical caseload and stress
  • Demonstrates the ability to guide and direct less experienced staff- including therapy assistants and students in clinical practice

Desirable

  • Evidence of specific responsibilities e.g. committee membership
  • Evidence of participation in research or audit

Personal Qualities

Essential

  • Demonstrates the ability to effectively communicate, both written and orally, in a clear and logical manner
  • Identifies own personal characteristics that contribute to effective team working
  • Basic computer skills including knowledge of word processing and presentation packages and the internet

Desirable

  • Use of electronic patient records
  • Evidence of using a variety of presentation skills
  • Evidence of outside interests and responsibilities

Disclosure and Barring Service Check

This post is subject to the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act (Exceptions Order) 1975 and as such it will be necessary for a submission for Disclosure to be made to the Disclosure and Barring Service (formerly known as CRB) to check for any previous criminal convictions.

Certificate of Sponsorship

Applications from job seekers who require current Skilled worker sponsorship to work in the UK are welcome and will be considered alongside all other applications. For further information visit the UK Visas and Immigration website (Opens in a new tab).

From 6 April 2017, skilled worker applicants, applying for entry clearance into the UK, have had to present a criminal record certificate from each country they have resided continuously or cumulatively for 12 months or more in the past 10 years. Adult dependants (over 18 years old) are also subject to this requirement. Guidance can be found here Criminal records checks for overseas applicants (Opens in a new tab).

UK Registration

Applicants must have current UK professional registration. For further information please see NHS Careers website (opens in a new window).

Additional information

Disclosure and Barring Service Check

This post is subject to the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act (Exceptions Order) 1975 and as such it will be necessary for a submission for Disclosure to be made to the Disclosure and Barring Service (formerly known as CRB) to check for any previous criminal convictions.

Certificate of Sponsorship

Applications from job seekers who require current Skilled worker sponsorship to work in the UK are welcome and will be considered alongside all other applications. For further information visit the UK Visas and Immigration website (Opens in a new tab).

From 6 April 2017, skilled worker applicants, applying for entry clearance into the UK, have had to present a criminal record certificate from each country they have resided continuously or cumulatively for 12 months or more in the past 10 years. Adult dependants (over 18 years old) are also subject to this requirement. Guidance can be found here Criminal records checks for overseas applicants (Opens in a new tab).

UK Registration

Applicants must have current UK professional registration. For further information please see NHS Careers website (opens in a new window).

Employer details

Employer name

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

Address

Chelsea & Westminster Hospital

369 Fulham Road

London

SW10 9NH


Employer's website

https://www.chelwest.nhs.uk/ (Opens in a new tab)

Employer details

Employer name

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

Address

Chelsea & Westminster Hospital

369 Fulham Road

London

SW10 9NH


Employer's website

https://www.chelwest.nhs.uk/ (Opens in a new tab)

Employer contact details

For questions about the job, contact:

Clinical Lead Therapist

Charlotte Gassner

charlotte.gassner@nhs.net

07919468844

Details

Date posted

14 May 2025

Pay scheme

Agenda for change

Band

Band 7

Salary

£54,320 to £60,981 a year per annum incl. HCAS

Contract

Permanent

Working pattern

Full-time

Reference number

289-CS-40

Job locations

Chelsea & Westminster Hospital

369 Fulham Road

London

SW10 9NH


Supporting documents

Privacy notice

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust's privacy notice (opens in a new tab)